Dr. Werz:    Yeah I mean I’ve spoken about Europe in extremely simplistic terms and I was almost illegitimate to do so, of course there are tremendous differences but just for the sake of time. Great Britain is a part. Great Britain is somewhere where there is obnoxious Atlantic volcano situated, great witness is somewhere between [IB] and the United States which has to do with the very unique colonial tradition of the United States. Continental European and [IB] and UK colonialism are very different forms of colonialism. It is not only the commonwealth and the relative modernity of the British empire which is actually not only killing people wholesale like the Portuguese and the French and the Belgians did but it’s developing, it’s industrializing extracting wealth in a more sophisticated manner and it also has this massive land mass of India where you cannot really run an authoritarian  regime, the Brits had several thousand troops left in the 1940’s, in the entire sub continent so that was not the question really is, is this is a colony? Is this is a colony in the old sense? So that meant British colonialism was based a much more upon incorporation of local elites and of a very sophisticated system of, suppression, marginalization and then exclusion. Much more so than other forms of colonialism. That also has translated in the form and in the way people emigrated from the former colonies into Great Britain.

It was also easier to immigrate into Great Britain and get UK citizenship for a number of years. It was only changed in 1980’s or late 1970’s. So yes, Great Britain is a different that for all these and other reasons. Germany is a pretty unique example, not only because Germany are masters of denial but also because Germany is probably the countries with one of the biggest immigration history in Europe. Polish immigration in the millions in the 20 years or 20th century. Millions of forced laborers had then disappeared. Then up to 12 million Germans from the so called lost territories after the Second World War. Which was usually ruled east Russians who came from the country side, were not terribly educated and ended up in Frankfurt or [Colon] or [IB] or Munich. I think they were sociologically qualified as immigrants although they don’t appear in any statistic.

And then a fair amount of labor migrating in the 1950’s, 60’s and 70’s. If you look at the numbers in the United States, roughly 8 to 10% of the populations depending on what statistic you will refer to are not born in the United States. In Germany that number if you include the East German post second world war, refugees that number is 12 and a half to 13%.So you can go argue Germany is a more dynamic immigrating country than United States only that 95 of the Germans including the people that came in the country would disagree with you because they would say, ‘no, no this is just Germany’. France has aging different story because of the strong traditions of birth rites citizenships and at the same time high degree of racial and ethnic segregation because of the way the decolonization of the Northern African colonies were. And Spain and Portugal are actually I think the most interesting parts of Europe right know. Spain is the only country that has more than 10% of its overall population as relatively recent immigrants numbers has been sky rocketing over the last 15 and 20 years. And Spain and Portugal by and large seem to be doing a good job. There are again a number of reasons one of them being there is a lot of immigration fraud to Portugal from the former loser foreign colonies and from Latin America, Spain so language and cultural issues are not as [IB] there. In terms of causing problems. But also these countries from before have come from countries of immigration to countries of immigration. So there are a lot of family experiences in where people still remember that their own father or grand father went to Germany to work a factory to make some money and how he or she was treated over there. That informs the public discourse in a different way when you talk about minorities in these countries. Eastern Europe is not so much often issue because that is just very, very small numbers and  usually a rather draconic loss against illegal immigration and not really well established mechanism to deal with diversity as of yet.

Octavio:    Dr. Werz, quick comment. Looking forward, considering the economic challenges not only that we are facing in the U.S or we’ll be facing or deficit. But what’s taking place right now in Europe you know you have Spain with like plus 20% of unemployment, Greece is where it’s at, the Euro is falling. You know I have received an e-mail from a friend not too long ago who his family being of Italian immigrants [IB] to Venezuela came to stay inn the United States went back to Venezuela. Chavez appears into the scene, take advantage of the citizenship with Italy. They move to Spain and now because of the economic situation in Spain are considering moving to United States. I mean are we looking at this circular migration in terms of what is the next economy that will be welcome to our next labor or talent or?

Dr. Werz:    Yeah. I definitely think so. I mean you have a competition for high skilled migration going on already only that many countries and Europeans haven’t realized that yet, they are not part of the game. But of course you have about three million highly skilled migrants all over the world that number is going to increase traumatically. And it’s also, its historic at first that you have functional elites in many countries that actually can make a decision where they want to live.